Seasonal sea breeze variation analysis based on multi‐year near‐surface observations in Jakarta, Indonesia

In this study, multi-year near-surface observations were conducted at two sites in Jakarta, Indonesia to analyse seasonal sea breeze variation. Seasonal length was defined using observed zonal wind components, the rainy season as December–March, and dry May–September. We found that Jakarta started earlier, propagated more rapidly, lasted for a shorter period of time during than season. Variation air temperature difference between urban coastal areas major factor driving During season, night-time cloud downwelling decreased difference, causing earlier onset rapid propagation due weaker land breeze. By contrast, intense radiative cooling inland caused strong negative produced stronger breeze, thus, slowing propagation. differences surface heating heat island circulation may also affect speed. Discrepancies thermal properties core prolonged positive after sunset, thus extending duration